LMAN1 and infection: Infection with both viruses caused down-regulation of LMAN1, an ER-Golgi intermediate compartment 53 kDa protein (also known as ERGIC-53) which is an intracellular receptor that facilitates glycoprotein transport; however, NNV has non-enveloped viral particles and do not possess glycoproteins, and therefore lman1 down-regulation seems unexpected [74].