IFNA1 and HIV-1 infection: To rule out the possibility that, within the context of HIV-1 infection of macrophages, the overall IRG signature is the result of a type-I or -II IFN induction that differs from concentrations that we tested, we analyzed expression changes of kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A), an IRG that is potently upregulated by vif and potently downregulated upon stimulation with 25 ng/mL IFN-α, IFN-ε, or IFN-γ (Figure 5a), using multiple doses (Supplementary Figure S3).