GAPDH and HIV-1 infection: We analyzed three aliquots of RNA samples that were also subjected to RNA-seq for expression of IDO1, PLK1, and GAPDH, as a normalizing gene and confirm that IDO1 is upregulated upon HIV-1 infection of MDMs in a manner dependent on Vpr and Vif (Figure 3b) and that PLK1 expression is suppressed upon infection with WT virus and more potently suppressed upon infection with ΔVif (Figure 3c).