We analyzed three aliquots of RNA samples that were also subjected to RNA-seq for expression of IDO1, PLK1, and GAPDH, as a normalizing gene and confirm that IDO1 is upregulated upon HIV-1 infection of MDMs in a manner dependent on Vpr and Vif (Figure 3b) and that PLK1 expression is suppressed upon infection with WT virus and more potently suppressed upon infection with ΔVif (Figure 3c). Here, IDO1 is linked to HIV-1 infection.