TNF and COVID-19: Infection of pneumocytes by COVID-19 stimulates local inflammatory responses and induces the release of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and also numerous chemokines that act in recruitment of circulating leukocytes [3,4,14,17,18,19,20].