INS and diabetes mellitus: The control (DM) and RD groups were similar regarding the frequency of hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history of DM, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, age, HbA1c, fasting glucose, LDL-c, triglycerides and BMI, however, in the group with DR, male gender (p = 0.001), insulin therapy (p = 0.000), and serum creatinine (p = 0.000) were higher in addition to a longer duration of DM2 (p = 0.000).