This immunosuppressive TME is maintained both by contact mechanisms as cancer cells and stromal cells express a broad range of inhibitory immune-checkpoint ligands (for PD-1, TIGIT, LAG-3 and TIM-3) and by suppressive soluble factors produced by immune cells or by CAFs (cytokines like TGF-β or IL-10). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.