The abovementioned pathological processes contribute to the generation of a chronic inflammatory environment at the GHCs and facilitate HP colonization, thus providing the pathological basis for the development of early gastric cancer, namely, CagA, VacA, and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that include HomB, HopQ, HopH (OipA), HopZ, HopP (SabA), and HopS (BabA; Espinoza et al., 2018). Here, HP is linked to gastric cancer.