INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In animal models of diet-induced obesity, diabetes, or alcohol-induced metabolic dysfunctions, scopoletin restored insulin sensitivity, reversed disruptions in circulating lipids, glucose, insulin, and inflammatory cytokines, while also attenuating lipid accumulation and fibrosis in liver, restoring adiponectin levels in white adipose tissue, and reducing oxidative stress in the pancreas (181–187).