VEGFA and multiple sclerosis: This compartmentalization of VEGF signaling BBB endothelial cells is important to understand their reactivity as they are exposed to autocrine and paracrine secretion of VEGF from neurons and astrocytes (Ogunshola et al., 2002), especially under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions (Liu et al., 2020) as observed in pathological conditions such as stroke (Li et al., 2014) and multiple sclerosis (Argaw et al., 2012; Chapouly et al., 2015).