INS and diabetes mellitus: In addition, this review also summarizes the three insulin signaling pathways—p38MAPK, AMPK, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways—that might be involved in the treatment of diabetes with Polygonatum, whereas these signaling pathways could result in a variety of biological activities to change, such as glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, cell survival, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism.