INS and glucose metabolism disease: Current oral hypoglycemic agents include the earlier developed metformin and sulfonamides, as well as some novel hypoglycemic agents targeting the pancreas or liver, such as sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, which can enhance insulin activity, exert insulin-like effects, or alleviate glucose metabolism disorders (Tahrani et al., 2016).