PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: More recently, the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, as well as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been widely approved for clinical use in many types of cancer, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, and urothelial bladder cancer, and revealed a robust anti-tumor effect in these malignancies8,9.