HK2 and neoplasm: By contrast, oncogenes, such as c-Myc, hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α), rat sarcoma virus (Ras), and protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), act as major inducers of tumor bioenergetic alterations by upregulating the expression or activation of key metabolic enzymes, such as hexokinase 2 (HK2), glutaminase 1 (GLS1), and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), among others [114].