TNF and cancer: The NF-κb pathway has been described as a key regulator of pro-inflammatory response in cancer progression [89,90] by promoting the expression of certain cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α), some chemokines (e.g., CXCL1, CXCL10, and MCP-1), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and ECAM-1), and antiapoptotic factors such as BCL-2, c-Flip, and survivin, allowing the recruitment and activation of leukocytes and tumor cell survival [91,92].