PDCD1 and cancer: This finding is in line with previously published data showing both increased response rates and median survival times with the combined anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 blockade compared to single agent anti-PD-1 treatment in patients with advanced melanoma; renal cell carcinoma, microsatellite instable colorectal cancer and subsets of non-small cell lung cancer; and increased response rates in other difficult to treat cancer types such as mesothelioma, sarcoma, and esophagogastric cancers [35,36,37].