PNPLA3 and chronic kidney disease: In a cross-sectional study including 157 Italian patients with T2DM, who underwent liver ultrasonography and kidney function assessment, our research group reported that the presence of the G allele of rs738409 in the PNPLA3 gene was associated with an increased risk of CKD (defined as <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or abnormal albuminuria), independent of liver disease severity, cardiorenal risk factors and other potential confounders [37].