PGF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Finally, further investigation to determine the ability of urine protein levels, first trimester serum analytes (including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and placental growth factor), nutritional markers (e.g., hemoglobin, ferritin, B12, vitamin D), and ultrasound markers (for example, uterine artery Doppler resistance) in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes in women living with obesity would be beneficial.