Here, we over-expressed WT-PD-L1 in human TNBC cells (express endogenous PD-L1) and in luminal-A breast cancer cells (no endogenous PD-L1 expression) and demonstrated that cell-autonomous PD-L1 activities lead to increased tumor cell growth, invasion and release of pro-metastatic factors (CXCL8, sICAM-1, GM-CSF). Here, CSF2 is linked to breast cancer.