CCL2 and neoplasm: However, targeting the CCL2 pathway may have some unintended toxicity consequences as CCL2 can be expressed by a range of non-tumour cell types, including endothelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts and is implicated in multiple conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and SARS-CoV-2 infection [62,63].