A study based on evaluation of cytoplasmic or nuclear PIWIL2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 202 tumour samples of chemotherapy-treated bladder cancer (BCa) demonstrated that a combination of weak cytoplasmic and lack of nuclear PIWIL2 expression correlates with poor prognosis for BCa patients [190]. Here, PIWIL2 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.