Among inflammatory cytokines, leptin can play a relevant role as its circulating levels were correlated with EAT adiposity in T1DM patients independently of obesity, and in a study in CAD patients both leptin gene (AA genotype) and leptin receptor gene (RR genotype) carried a risk that was at least tripled of developing HFpEF [57,94]. Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.