IL1B and chronic kidney disease: In models of CKD, the NF-κB protein is upregulated as well as its targets, principally the pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6); the adhesion molecules: ICAM and VCAM; E-selectin, chemokines, inducible enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [127].