TNF and colitis: Cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin were reported to downregulate the proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide, as well as proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2 cells [55].