SMAD3 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In this study, we found 12 transcription factors (STAT5A, STAT6, RUNX1, REL, SMAD3, CEBPB, CEBPD, GABPB2, FOXO1, PAX6, FOXJ1 and NOG) that are extremely important for the pathogenesis of ALS and four key prognostic markers (TPST1, IFNGR2, MAEA, ALAS2) (Figure 12).