Of the total participants, 66 (44%) had renal dysfunction (defined as eGFR-EPI < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or ACR > 3 g/mol); the T1DM and T2DM groups had been recruited to have a comparable proportion of renal dysfunction, although the patients with T2DM had more severe renal dysfunction (as evidenced by differences in renal function parameters (cystatin C, ACR and eGFR; Table 2). The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.