PDX1 and diabetes mellitus: For example, gastrin treatment of islets from DM patients resulted in increased expression of insulin (INS), PDX-1, MAFA, NKX homeobox 1 (NKX6.1), NK2 homeobox 2 (NKX2.2), monitor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1), and common β-cell markers [89].