Karachi et al. further examined TMZ induced lymphopenia and found standard TMZ dosing reduced both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and results in greater CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and overall poorer outcomes with PD-1 antibody treatment compared to lower/metronomic TMZ dosing, which maintained cytotoxic T-cell activity and direct tumor killing [77]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is neoplasm.