However, due to the difficulty of developing appropriate humanized mouse models that mimic the human immune system and inferior therapeutic benefit of immunotherapy over VEGF receptor inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors in Xp11.2 tRCC patients, we have not evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of immune-based combination treatments. Here, MTOR is linked to renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions.