TIMP1 and acute kidney injury: Among the 59 exploratory biomarkers tested (i.e., markers other than LIGHT and IL-18 (Table S3)), the most significant associations were as follows tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) was positively correlated with Apache III, with highly significant p-values in both bacterial and viral sepsis; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was positively correlated with ARDS and AHRF in both bacterial and viral sepsis; tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) was positively correlated with AKI in both bacterial and viral sepsis (Table 4).