EPO and brain ischemia: Recently, it was shown that EPO (erythropoietin), a glycoprotein secreted by the fetal liver and adult kidney, a crucial hematopoietic factor known to promote the physiological functions of red blood cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, also activates AMPK (protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit)-KLF2 signalling pathway and regulates HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha) and eNOS expression to promote new vascular development after cerebral ischemia [36].