TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: In addition, the anti-fibrotic action showed in animal models by inhibiting pro-fibrotic factors such as TGFβ and IL-13, highlighted a potentially positive impact on liver fibrosis [84] Only one case in literature has been described of a patient with chronic viral hepatitis B treated with apremilast with no concomitant antiviral treatment [75].