IGF1 and ischemia: In animal models of ischemia, administering exogenous IGF-1 using various routes of administration (intranasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, or topical) at various time points before and/or following the insult, attenuated the neurological damage and accompanying behavioral changes (Table 1) [104,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127].