In contrast, several studies showed that potential cardioprotective activities of RKIP were counteracted in vivo by RKIP-mediated inhibition of the pro-survival RAF1-MAPK pathway and/or GRK2 inhibition-induced sensitisation of heart failure-promoting GPCRs such as the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), which impairs cardiac function [21,22,23]. Here, RAF1 is linked to heart failure.