Taken together, Tg-RKIP mice with myocardium-specific expression of the dual RAF1 and GRK2 inhibitor, RKIP, developed a phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy with features of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte apoptosis [11,21,22]. Here, RAF1 is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy.