VEGFD and lymphedema: On the other hand, Bennuru et al. reported that elevated plasma levels of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and angiopoietins (Ang-1/Ang-2) in both microfilaremic and in patients with lymphedema are associated with W. bancrofti infection, but not with Wolbachia itself, as they did not change after doxycycline treatment [62].