EDN1 and elephantiasis: This may be due to the fact that Mf antigens, not live Mf, were used, since, in Polynesian patients living in regions endemic for W. bancrofti chyluria (a condition in which chyle is present in urine; mainly caused by Mf leading to the rupture of dilated abdominal lymphatics into the urinary excretory system), was associated with increased VEGF levels, whereas elephantiasis was characterized by an increase in endothelin-1 (ET-1) [45].