Moreover, TGFβ, via its signalling mediators Smad2/3, induces the expression of the cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Sox4, which in turn enhances the expression of the stem cell transcription factor Sox2, increasing the self‐renewal capacity of the GSCs, and enhances the GSC tumour‐initiating potential, as proven in vitro and in vivo [22, 23]. Here, LIF is linked to neoplasm.