GFAP and frontotemporal dementia: Other proteins, including NfL and immune-related markers YKL-40, GFAP and CST3 have also been explored as potential biomarkers, however, these markers are non-specific indicators of neurodegeneration or astrogliosis across the spectrum of neurodegeneration, thus limiting their utility specifically in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.