In sharp contrast, a similar study carried out by Peters et al. [33] did not detect any significant difference in IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase duodenal mucosal mRNA expression between dogs with or without CIE. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and congenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma.