Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte- associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1), and T-cell inhibitory receptor (TIM-3) are expressed on T-cells and mediate inhibitory effects by interacting with their ligands on tumour cells or TAMs [19] (Fig. 8). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.