The Foetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) first trimester prediction model consists of a combination of maternal factors (age, BMI, race, smoking during pregnancy, family history of PE, method of conception, parity, presence of chronic hypertension, type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, SLE, anti-phospholipid syndrome), and biophysical measurements (MAP, UtA-PI, PIGF and PAPP-A) [69]. Here, PAPPA is linked to diabetes mellitus.