PAPPA and diabetes mellitus: In the case of PE prediction, several studies have consistently proven that models using a combination of maternal characteristics (maternal age, BMI, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, family history of preeclampsia, method of conception, parity, pre-existing hypertension and diabetes mellitus, SLE, anti-phospholipid syndrome) and biophysical factors and/or biomarkers (MAP, UtA-PI, PIGF and PAPP-A), perform more robustly than those using maternal risk factors alone.