TLR4 and neoplasm: Several lines of evidence suggest that F. nucleatum plays a vital role in the regulation of miRNAs to promote tumor proliferation and invasive activities and increases the risk of recurrence and chemoresistance by activating the myeloid differentiation 88 (MYD88)-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated innate immune signaling pathway (Yang et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2017).