A total of 10 DEGs clustered to the pathway of retinol metabolism after CRS treatment, including 3 genes with decreased expression (Cyp2b19, Dhrs9 and Bco1), and 7 genes with increased expression, including Aldh1a1, Adh1, Aox4, Aox1, Aldh1a7, Cyp1a1, Aox3 (Figures 6F, 7F, 8F). Here, AOX1 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.