For nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, 7 genes exhibited increased expression in CRS group (Aox4, Aox1, Aox3, Nnmt, Nmnat2, Bst1, Qprt) and 1 gene exhibited decreased expression (Nnt) (Figures 6D, 7D,8D). Here, QPRT is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.