Urinary concentrations of osteopontin, a marker used to predict incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) were normalized to 24 h urine volume and determined to be increased by HSD-feeding and modestly decreased by treatment with SAC/C21 (NSD 163 ± 19.8 vs HSD 333.3 ± 62.3 vs SAC/C21 216.1 ± 17 ng/24 h urine) (Figure 2A). Here, SPP1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.