However, prolonged activation eventually renders them to exert detrimental effects by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), increased ROS, as observed in several AD mouse model studies (Ben Haim et al., 2015; Heneka et al., 2015). Here, PTGS2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.