Expectedly, within the AF GWAS loci24, the two rare missense alleles in HCN4 (rs151004999:T, log(OR) = 0.72) and SCN5A (rs45620037:A, log(OR) = −0.65) identified in our study had much larger effect sizes on AF risk than the respective non-coding sentinel GWAS variants (rs74022964:T (HCN4 locus), log(OR) = 0.12; rs6790396:C (SCN5A and SCN10A locus), log(OR) = −0.058) (Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene SCN5A and atrial fibrillation.