CSF2 and COVID-19: Dramatical increase in a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as GM-CSF and IL-6 was observed in patients with liver dysfunction than those with normal liver function.287 The liver biopsy showed that COVID-19-associated liver injury was likely immune-mediated.173 Taken together, the excessive inflammatory response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection may provoke liver injury.