Although the pretreatment with PopuCATH significantly induced the production of chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), PopuCATH ultimately attenuated the inflammatory response by decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels post Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infection. Here, IL1B is linked to gram-positive bacterial infections.