TNF and inflammatory response: There are several possible mechanisms linking steatohepatitis and cardiac inflammation, including the following: (1) abnormal lipid profiles in serum, such as an increase in Apo B-containing lipoproteins and a decrease in the HDL fraction; (2) enhancement of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL5; and (3) hepatokines, such as fetuin-A, retinol-binding protein 4, and selenoprotein P33–35.