IL1B and SAPHO syndrome: Another HACEK member identified in this study, Cardiobacterium, was shown to increase IL-1β levels [97], as well as Actinomyces [98] and Propionibacteria (now Cutibacterium) [99], which is often isolated “concomitantly” with HACEK bacteria and is associated to the related SAPHO syndrome, although controversially discussed [100].