To better exhibit the direct proof in vivo, we stained the sections from GL261 cell-derived xenografts treated with TMZ plus rmHMGB1, and found that the tumor regions with obvious extracellular HMGB1 highly expressed TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 detected by immunofluorescence, which are cytokines following the activation of RAGE-NFκB-NLRP3 inflammasome (Fig. 6D and Fig. S9A). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.