TGFB1 and melanoma: In order to identify genes that are functionally involved in regulating cell invasion, we investigated candidate genes whose orthologs were up-regulated in human melanoma cells that had been stimulated with TGF-β, exposed to hypoxia, or which overexpressed the transcription factor SOX9, and included genes up-regulated in migrating neural crest cells that had undergone EMT [16–18].