P3H1 and squamous cell lung carcinoma: We performed Kaplan–Meier survival analyses on lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) from human protein atlas (https://www.proteinatlas.org/, Supplementary Fig. 4), and found low expression of LEPRE1 to be consistently associated with poor clinical outcomes during the early stages of cancer; meanwhile, LEPRE1 overexpression is associated with poor clinical outcomes during the late stages of cancer.