TNF and osteoporosis: Postmenopausal osteoporosis increases the expression of proinflammatory and osteogenic cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF), and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ligand (RANKL) from osteoblasts, T cells, and B cells (8–11).